LESSON 4
Participle clauses
Start a sentence with an -ing or -ed form to sound fluent and concise.
The idea
A participle clause replaces a full clause with a verb form, so two actions by the same person fit in one smooth sentence.
Use -ing for an action at the same time or a reason (Living near the park, I run every day). Use having + past participle for something finished first (Having finished my shift, I went home). Use the past participle for a passive meaning (Built in 1920, the bridge needs repairs). The subject of both parts must be the same person or thing.
The pattern
- -ing clause, main clause (same time or reason)
- Having + past participle, main clause (finished first)
- Past participle clause, main clause (passive meaning)
- After / Before / While + -ing, main clause
The rest of this lesson is in the full plan.
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